In the vicinity of Earth, there has been a sharp increase in the flow of solar protons, reaching peaks not seen in the past 20 years. The proton density with energy above 10 MeV, used as a global standard index, reached a level of 7000 pfu (1 proton/(cm² s sr)), marking the highest value since 2003. The last time more powerful streams were observed was on October 29, 2003, just before one of the largest geomagnetic storms of the 21st century.
Simultaneously, an event not recorded for two solar cycles has occurred: a radiation storm at S4 level has begun. The flow of solar protons exceeded 10,000 pfu, categorizing the situation as extreme for near-Earth space. Although the S5 level exists formally, it has never been recorded in modern observation history. Absolute records were set in the last century when proton flux values approached 40,000 units.
Experts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) declared January 20 before 9 AM Moscow time as a critical weather day CWD. Previously, it was reported that accelerated protons have massively arrived at Earth’s orbit, causing a “snowstorm” effect in space telescope images. Scientists confirmed that yesterday’s powerful X-class solar flare, X1.95, has ejected a plasma directed straight at Earth. The danger level for space apparatus and warning issuance exceeded nearly 200 times, making this event the most powerful of the entire 25th solar cycle.
Impact on Technology and Satellites
This solar activity poses significant risks to satellites, telecommunications, and power grids. The intense proton flux can lead to increased radiation exposure affecting satellite components, potentially disrupting operations. The robust technical defences of modern satellites reduce vulnerability, yet the unprecedented levels might test these limits.
Satellite Vulnerability to Solar Storms
Currently, about 25% of satellites face heightened risk during solar storms, particularly those with inadequate shielding. Such events can lead to loss of communication, navigation errors, and in extreme cases, total satellite failure, affecting GPS systems globally.
Significance of Proton Flux Levels
The proton flux reaching 7000 pfu since 2003 underscores an extraordinary solar event, highlighting potential for major geomagnetic disturbances. This measurement acts as a critical indicator for space weather intensity, influencing navigation safety and communication systems worldwide.
Historical Comparisons
This event rivals historical solar proton events, comparing closely with peaks seen in previous decades. While not reaching the historic 40,000 units of the 20th century, its impact resonates through its influence on current technology and infrastructure, prompting advances in predictive models and defense mechanisms.
